托福阅读关键字该如何抓取？

月亮公主

　　阅读是托福考试中考生有可能拿高分的一个项目，考生除了平时的练习之外，掌握一些提分技巧也是很有必要的。

　　托福考试阅读部分一篇文章一般较长，所以一般是以段落为单位的。有时候可能会有学生说我做题的时候并不会去看整段啊，或者有学生说我看懂了哎，但题目就是没做对啊！

　　其实我们在阅读一个段落时要学会使用方法，是什么方法可以帮助我们快速阅读呢？

　　要读懂一个段落我们只需要抓住几个关键词而已。

　　那么关键词怎么抓呢？

　　一是看逻辑信号词；

　　二是读句子的时候一定牢记只看主干！

　　下面我们就以托福TPO25中的文章The Decline of Venetian Shipping为例，说说如何巧抓关键词。

　　TPO25-2The Decline of Venetian Shipping

　　Paragraph2 This decline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetianshipping and trade. First， Venic’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea， where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties， were lost to direct trading. In the fifteenth century there waslittle problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled byoars)： guilds (business associations) were required toprovide rowers， and through a draft system freecitizens served compulsorily when called for. In the early sixteenth centurythe shortage of rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys waslimited by a move to round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space)， with required fewer rowers. But the shortage of crews proved to bea greater and greater problem， despite continuousappeal to Venic’s tradition of maritime greatness. Eventhough sailors’ wages doubled among the northernItalian cities from 1550 to 1590， this did not elicitan increased supply.

　　以上算得上是托福阅读中较长的段落了，在快速阅读这个段落的时候我们要找的关键词是：逻辑信号词，如段落中所标示的first， but， this…我们不难发现这些信号词所在的句子基本都是解题的信息点。那么在做题定位时不妨多加留意。当然，抓住这些关键词并不难，难在理解。自己理解起来难度的话，建议报班学习，一对一的课程会更有针对性，北京新东方的托福一对一班就很不错。

　　接下来我们就来看看理解这些句子时的关键词。

　　每段话的首句是必定要读的。

　　Thisdecline can be seen clearly in the changes that affected Venetian shipping andtrade。

　　这是包含了一个定语从句的复杂句。先看到核心词changes，再看到Venetian shipping and trade。这篇文章接下来具体要写的内容就展露无遗，也就是威尼斯船业和贸易的变迁。

　　First，这当然是开始写shipping的标志了。

　　Venice’s intermediary functions in the Adriatic Sea， where it had dominated the business of shipping for other parties， were lost to direct trading.

　　我们一直强调句子要读主干，那么简单地看这个句子就是Venice’s functions were lost， 核心词很显然是lost，也对应了整篇文章的主题 decline. 接下来两句写到了15和16世纪遇到的船员难招的问题。

　　…there waslittle problem recruiting sailors to row the galleys (large ships propelled byoars)： guilds (business associations) were required toprovide rowers， and through a draft system freecitizens served compulsorily when called for.

　　这句话中有冒号的出现，阅读冒号之前的内容there was little problem；到下一句：the shortageof rowers was not serious because the demand for galleys was limited by a moveto round ships (round-hulled ships with more cargo space)， with required fewer rowers. 这句中要看到的核心是notserious；再往后看到But….to be agreater and greater problem. 到这里意思应该已经一目了然了，就是讲威尼斯船业在招聘船员方面所遭遇的变迁：little problem—not serious —greater problem.

　　刚才我们讲了文章阅读部分要抓关键词，其实我们在阅读题目和选项时也是需要寻找关键词的。有些题目的选项是比较长的，四个选项看上去也差不多一段话了，所以一定要抓住关键词判断才行，如否定词、比较词和并列词。这些是快速浏览选项的第一步。再次也要看到题干和每个选项中能让我们快速定位到原文的关键词。我们还是以托福TPO25为例：

　　TPO25-1The Surface of Mars

　　Paragraph5 As on the Moon， the extent of large impact cratering(i.e. craters too big to have been filled in by erosion since they were formed)serves as an age indicator for the Martian surface. Age estimates ranging fromfour billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to afew hundred million years in the youngest volcanic areas were obtained in thisway。

　　Accordingto paragraph 5， what have scientists been able todetermine from studies of large impact cratering on Mars？

　　A. SomeMartian volcanoes are much older than was once thought。

　　B. The ageof Mars’s surface can vary from area to area。

　　C. Large impactcraters are not reliable indicators of age in areas with high volcanic activity。

　　D. Someareas of the Martian surface appear to be older than they actually are。

　　划出选项中的关键词后，定位到原文迅速浏览发现原文中并无如A和D选项中的比较，C中的否定词not和原文是明显相矛盾的，故而选择B。

　　而B选项对应的恰好是本段末句：Age estimates ranging from four billion years for Mars’s southern highlands to a few hundred million years in the youngestvolcanic areas were obtained in this way。

　　根据以上分析，我们应该明白在阅读之时何为关键词。简单地讲有定位关键词和判断关键词。

　　定位关键词包括题干及选项中的名词，还有就是段落中那些一直向你示好的逻辑信号词了，不要忘记用它们找到你解题需要的信息。

　　判断关键词是选项中那些有特色的词汇，包括否定词，比较词或者是句子主干中的动词等，根据这些词和原文进行对应，至少有一半的选项可以迅速被排除。

　　以上就是关于托福阅读中如何巧用关键词，希望对大家有所帮助！愿大家早日和托福分手~